தினம் ஒரு விஞ்ஞானி-சார்லஸ் டார்வின்(1809-1882)-பதிவு-005

சார்லஸ் டார்வின் (1809-1882)
CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN

சார்லஸ் டார்வின், தனது உயிரங்களின் தோற்றம் வெளியிட்டபோதுள்ள தோற்றம்.
சார்லஸ் ராபர்ட் டார்வின் (Charles Robert Darwin) (பிப்ரவரி 12, 1809 - ஏப்ரல் 19, 1882) ஓர் ஆங்கிலேய இயற்கையியல் அறிஞர். இவர் முன்வைத்த உயிரினங்களின் படிவளர்ச்சிக் கொள்கை ஓர் அடிப்படையான புரட்சிகரமான அறிவியற் கொள்கை. இவர் தாம் கண்டுபிடித்த உண்மைகளையும், கொள்கைகளையும், 1859 ஆம் ஆண்டில் உயிரினங்களின் தோற்றம் (The Origin of Species) என்னும் தலைப்பில் ஒரு நூலாக வெளியிட்டார். இது மிகவும் புகழ் பெற்ற ஒரு புரட்சி ஏற்படுத்திய நூல்.


இவர் கடல் வழியே, எச்எம்எஸ் பீகிள் (HMS Beagle) என்னும் கப்பலில், உலகில் பல இடங்களுக்கும் சென்று, குறிப்பாக காலபாகசுத் தீவுகளுக்குச் சென்று நிகழ்த்திய உயிரினக் கண்டு பிடிப்புகள் வியப்பூட்டுவன. மனிதஇனம் குரங்கு இனத்தோடு தொடர்பு கொண்டது என்று இவர் அஞ்சாமல் கூறிய கருத்துக்கள், அன்று இவரைப் பலர் எள்ளி நகையாட வைத்தது. எனினும், இவருடைய கருத்துக்கள் இன்று அறிவியல் உலகில் பெரு மதிப்புடையவை.

மனிதன், குரங்கிலிருந்து பரிணமித்தவன், உலகில் விலங்குகள் மற்றும் உயிரினங்களில் வளர்ச்சி என்பது, 'தக்கன பிழைக்கும்' என்ற கோட்பாட்டின் அடிப்படையில் அமைந்தது, அதாவது survival of the fittest என்றதன் அடிப்படை யிலமைந்தது என்பன போன்ற புதிய அறிவியல் கோட்பாடுகளைக் கண்டறிந்தவராவர்.

As HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals.


Three Fuegians on board, who had been seized during the first Beagle voyage and had spent a year in England, were taken back to Tierra del Fuego as missionaries. Darwin found them friendly and civilised, yet their relatives seemed "miserable, degraded savages", as different as wild from domesticated animals. To Darwin the difference showed cultural advances, not racial inferiority.

Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. A year on, the mission had been abandoned. The Fuegian they had named Jemmy Button lived like the other natives, had a wife, and had no wish to return to England.

Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel-beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls.
 

Darwin, aged 45 in 1854, by then working towards publication of On the Origin of Species. Part of a series on Evolutionary biology

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Born : Charles Robert Darwin, 12 February 1809 : The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom
Died : 19 April 1882 (aged 73): Down House, Downe, Kent, United Kingdom
Residence : England
Citizenship : British
Nationality : British
Fields : Naturalist
Institutions :  Geological Society of London
Alma mater :  (tertiary education):  University of Edinburgh (medicine),  University of Cambridge (ordinary Bachelor of Arts)
Academic advisors :  John Stevens,  Henslow, Adam Sedgwick
Known for :  The Voyage of the Beagle,  On the Origin of Species : evolution by natural selection,
common descent
Influences :  Alexander von Humboldt, John Herschel, Charles Lyell.
Influenced :  Joseph Dalton Hooker, Thomas Henry Huxley, George Romanes, Ernst Haeckel, Sir John Lubbock
Notable awards :  Royal Medal (1853), Wollaston Medal (1859), Copley Medal (1864)
Spouse :  Emma Darwin (1839-1896)

Signature: 
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Darwin published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the 1870s the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.

Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories.

Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. In 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, he examined earthworms and their effect on soil.

In recognition of Darwin's pre-eminence as a scientist, he was honoured with a state funeral and buried in Westminster Abbey, close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history. 

Punch's almanac for 1882, published shortly before Darwin's death, depicts him amidst evolution from chaos to Victorian gentleman with the title Man Is But A Worm.

In 1851 Darwin was devastated when his daughter Annie died. By then his faith in Christianity had dwindled, and he had stopped going to church.

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